Can You Put a Energy Smart Light Bulb(26 Watt Equivalent to 100 Watt) in a 60 Watt Socket?

yes. It is heat that determines the rating of a socket, and you are replacing a 60 watt bulb with a 26 watt bulb. that is, OK, as far as the socket is concerned. But, note that CFL bulbs cannot take as high a temperature as an incandescent bulb can. If the bulb is enclosed, ie, no air circulation, than you may have a problem with the bulb overheating. .

1. converting watt values over time to kWh

If you can only take measurement at discrete times, then summing up and dividing by the time between measurements is the only way possible - the integral $$E_texttotal=intlimits_T_textstart^T_textend P(t) dt$$really collapses to a sum, it $P(t)$ is only known for set of points. For example, assume the power value is constant for amount of time that you spend between your $N$ individual measurements, let's call that $T_textsample$, then$$beginalign tilde E &= sumlimits_n=0^N-1 T_textsamplecdot P(nT) &= T_textsample sumlimits_n=0^N-1 P(nT) endalign$$Now, you saya set of points that does not really have any rhyme or reasonWell, that's a problem. What if the power goes up between two measurement points, and just happens to be low every time you are actually taking note?The answer to this problem is the Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem, which is quite handy in a lot of signal processing applications, but in this case it means: If you have a real signal (here: your power measurements) whose highest frequency is $f_textmax$, then you will need to look with twice that frequency at it to be sure not to miss anything, i.e. $f_textsamplege 2f_textmax$.Frequency here means the amount of time between two consecutive events. That means that if you can say "the shortest power fluctuation I need to consider is $T$ long (e.g. 5 second)", then your signals highest frequency $f_textmax= frac1T$ (i.e. 0.2 Hz in the 5s case), and you will need to sample twice that often, so $f_textsample ge 2f_textmax=frac2T$, or considering the sampling interval $T_textsample=frac1f_textsamplele frac12 T$.If you sample slower than that, your measurement is not representative for your observed (unless you have another, restricting model for how the power consumption fluctuates, which you do not seem to have), and no statement can be drawn from your set of measurement points.If you then have the measurements in a sensible, constant time interval, just adding them up and multiplying the result with that interval will give you your total energy reading. You do not need any special python modules for that, i.e. simply will give you your kWh.Now, you might say "how should I know how fast my appliances turn on and off?"In many scenarios, you can put a sensible limit to power fluctuation. For example, sure, lights might switch on and of within fractions of a second, but the amount of power consumed by quickly switched off lights (e.g. toilet usage, turn on, 60s, turn off) is probably negligible, whereas things that really matter (fridge, water heater, washing machine, oven) tend to change relatively slow in a typical home usage scenario.

2. need a good 2 channel 4000-watt(peak) 1000-watt(RMS) car amp?

legacy is flea market junk. do not buy. that amplifier is rated for 4000 watts rms but only has two 50 amp fuses. ohm's law states volts x amps = watts. so 14 volts x 100 amps = 1400 watts minus the amplifiers efficiency which on a regular non d class amplifier is around 60%. so 14 x 100 = 1400 x .6 = 840 watts continuous without blowing the fuses. a fuse can handle 50% over its rating for about 3 seconds at a time without blowing but i would not count that as some songs have bass notes that long. look at audioque, audiopipe, and cadence for budget amplifiers that make rated power.

3. Are $frac14$watt 4x$Omega$ Resistor and $frac12$watt x$Omega$ Resistor equivalent?

No they are not equivalent - the 1/4 watt resistor can dissipate power up to a nominal maximum of 1/4 watt whereas the half watt resistor can dissipate more power without burning out.If the resistor is just across a fixed voltage then yes you can but, it could be across the output of a constant current circuit in which case the current will remain the same thru either resistor and the quarter watt 2X ohm component will burn off twice as many watts as the half watt 1X ohm resistor.Without knowing the precise detail of the circuit there are no other generalizations.