Introduction to Explorer 1

1. Hippalus of explorer 1

Hippalus (Ancient Greek: ) was a Greek navigator and merchant who probably lived in the 1st century BCE. He is sometimes conjectured to have been the captain of the Greek explorer Eudoxus of Cyzicus' ship.

The writer of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea credited Hippalus with discovering the direct route from the Red Sea to Tamilakam over the Indian Ocean by plotting the scheme of the sea and the correct location of the trade ports along the Indian coast. Pliny the Elder claimed that Hippalus discovered not the route but the monsoon wind also called Hippalus (the south-west monsoon wind). Most historians have tried to reconcile the reports by stating that knowledge of the monsoon winds was necessary to use the direct route, but the historian Andr Tchernia explains that Plinius' connection between the wind and the navigator was based on common pronunciation: in the Hellenistic Era the name of the wind was written as Hypalus, only in Roman times the spelling Hippalus came in use.

The wind had already been known in Hellenistic times and had before been used by Himyarite (Southern Arabian Semites) and Indian sailors to cross the Indian Ocean. To understand the importance of Hippalus' discovery we have to know that before him Greek geographers thought that the Indian coast stretched from west to east. Hippalus was probably the first (in the west) to recognize the north-south direction of India's west coast.

Only someone who has this insight will think crossing the Indian Ocean might be a faster way to south India than following the coastline. The use of Hippalus' direct route greatly contributed to the prosperity of trade contacts between the Roman province of Aegyptus and India from the 1st century BCE onwards. From Red Sea ports like Berenice large ships crossed the Indian Ocean to the Tamil kingdoms of the Pandyas, Cholas and Cheras in present-day Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

In modern times a crater on the moon was named after the navigator. He is also a prominent character in L. Sprague de Camp's novel about Eudoxus, The Golden Wind.

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2. Ivory trader (18861889) of explorer 1

In 1885 King Leopold II of Belgian founded the Congo Free State and began to replace non-Belgian members of the Association Internationale du Congo with Belgians. Swinburne was dismissed in 1886 and returned to England, taking his two boys with him.

He found work as an ivory trader under Henry Shelton Sanford. He returned later that year, bringing Disasi with him. He found a plentiful supply of ivory on sale in Kinshasa, and at one point had 60 tusks weighing 10 to 50 kilograms (22 to 110 lb).

When he had raised enough money he bought a steamer so he could sail upriver and buy ivory at far lower prices. Stanley was charged with leading the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, which was to travel up the Congo River and overland to Equatoria rather than take the shorter route from the east coast. He met Swinburne in Paris in late January 1887.

Swinburne was returning in the Congo from leave, explained to Stanley how run down the king's flottila had become, had hinted that he might lend him the company steamer Florida. When Stanley reached Boma he was told by Louis Valcke that largest steamer, the Stanley, was damaged, the En Avant had no engine and the Royal was rotten. On 1 April 1887 Swinburne lent Stanley the Florida for use as a barge, despite knowing his boss Sanford would be furious about the loan.

In 1889, less than three years after his trip to Europe, his servant Disasi Makulo was with Swinburne when he contracted gastritis. He got ugly boils on his legs, and his condition quickly got worse. Disasi and a friend made a hammock to carry him to Boma.

On the way they stopped at the mission station in Gombe, where the British Baptist George Grenfell took care of the invalid for two weeks. When that did not help, they travelled on to the Dutch factory in Ndunga, where Swinburne died. He just 30 years old.

According to Disasi, "The whites we had met at that station immediately began preparing for the funeral. The ceremony was attended by all whites, dressed in fine costumes, and a large group of blacks. That day we thought the world was infinitely bitter, and our thoughts froze, for we did not know if we would ever receive any new support in life.

" At the age of 18, Disasi Makulo became an assistant to the missionary George Grenfell.

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3. Career of explorer 1

Antarctic expeditions and researchWade was a member of the second Antarctic expedition led by the Admiral Richard E.

Byrd in 1933. While there, he was part of a 77-day sled journey into Marie Byrd Land. The field work on this expedition was later the foundation of his doctoral dissertation.

Wade was then selected by Byrd to take the role of chief scientist for his third Antarctic expedition. On this expedition he took two students with him, a practice he would continue in his later expeditions. He was geologist with the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933-35), senior scientist at West Base of the U.

S. Antarctic Service (USAS) (1939-41), and leader of two Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Parties (1962-63 and 1964-65) and Senior Scientist U.S.

Antarctic Research Program (USARP) Marie Byrd Land Survey, 1966-67 and 1967-68. Wade personally named several Antarctic mountains and ridges whilst he worked as leader of the Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Party, 196263. These include: Cathedral Peaks (8444S 17540W / 84.

733S 175.667W / -84.733; -175.

667), a rugged mountain mass that Wade perceived to have spires, resembling a cathedral, when viewed from the Shackleton Glacier.Lubbock Ridge (8452S 17525W / 84.867S 175.

417W / -84.867; -175.417) a high ridge around 5 nautical miles (9 km) long, which extends west from Mount Wade and terminates in a steep bluff at the east side of Shackleton Glacier.

Wade named this ridge for Lubbock, where Texas Tech University is located.Mount Kenyon (8510S 17452W / 85.167S 174.

867W / -85.167; -174.867) a mountain, 2,260 metres (7,400 ft) high, which stands 1 nautical mile (2 km) northwest of Shenk Peak in the northern part of the Cumulus Hills.

He named the mountain after Kenyon College, Ohio, which he had attended almost 30 years previously to the expedition.AcademiaDuring his PhD programme, Wade worked as a instructor in geology at the University of Delaware. Wade accepted a similar position at the Miami University in his home state of Ohio in 1936.

He then received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1937. He was head of the Geology department at Texas Tech University, but resigned the position in 1964 to focus on active Antarctic research. His successor in the position, Richard Maddox, later said: For Al, the paperwork and meetings were a waste of the time he could have spent in teaching and research.

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4. Professional wrestling career of explorer 1

Joint promotions (19821985)Hindley was trained by his uncle Ted Betley, initially in Winwick Warrington, and then Port Erin, Isle of Man. He made his debut in January 1982 at the age of 16 at Gloucester Leisure Centre, under the name John Savage.

He wrestled in the United Kingdom for two years, having regular TV bouts with Alan Kilby and Drew McDonald before moving over to Canada with his wife Jane. Stampede Wrestling (19851989)Joining Stampede Wrestling in 1985, Hindley was billed as Davey Boy Smith's brother, Johnny Smith. He was there involved in a storyline in 1988 where they had a heated rivalry, eventually his storyline sister and brother-in-law Diana Hart and Owen Hart also got involved after Johnny disrespected the Hart family.

In February 1989, he began feuding with Dynamite Kid after interfering during a British Bulldogs-Karachi Vice rematch, attacking him from behind and cutting his hair. In May, Dynamite had turned on Davey Boy Smith, and Johnny began teaming with Dynamite as The British Bruisers, feuding with Davey Boy and Chris Benoit. New Japan, All Japan, and Indies (19872003)In 1987, he went on his first Japanese tour in New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW).

In February 1989, he followed The Dynamite Kid to wrestle for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and replaced Davey Boy Smith as Dynamite Kid's tag team partner in September 1990, reforming the tag team: The British Bruisers. In between tours in All Japan, Hindley would wrestle the independent circuit in the United States and Canada, as well as brief stints in Extreme Championship Wrestling. On 10 April 2003, Hindley collapsed prior to his match at an All Japan Pro Wrestling show.

Paramedics were called to the Hiroshima Arena and Hindley was rushed to a local hospital, having lost feeling in some parts of his body, but was in stable condition at a local Japanese hospital. Some believe this incident to be connected to a previous injury. Sometime after the incident, Hindley retired.

He was planning to make a comeback in March 2004 for IWA Japan, but chose to remain retired due to health reasons.

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5. William Moor of explorer 1

William Moor (died 1765) was a British sailor and explorer associated with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the annual supply ships to the bay area.

Moor was involved, under the supervision of his cousin, Christopher Middleton, with voyages to the bay from about 1730 to 1741 and carried out increasingly important duties during that period. In 1741 he and Middleton left the HBC's employ and Moor was given command of HMS Discovery to aid his cousin in HMS Furnace in a search for the Northwest Passage. They overwintered at Prince of Wales Fort where sickness plagued the crews.

Their survey of the shoreline and tides of the west side of Hudson Bay was not particularly successful. Moor and Middleton and the 17411742 expedition were under the scrutiny of Arthur Dobbs, an opponent of the HBC monopoly of the bay area. Middleton was accused of protecting the HBC monopoly and Moor took the side of Dobbs.

In 1746, Moor was in command of a private discovery expedition to Hudson Bay funded by Dobbs and others. After a short and unsuccessful period of exploration by the two ships, they decided to overwinter at the HBC post at York Factory. The next summer some good exploration was carried out on the western shore and discovered Chesterfield Inlet but did not fully explore it.

He also examined Rankin Inlet and Wager Bay. At a point, after further exploration, illness and threats of mutiny turned the expedition for home. Moor's competence as a commander was called into question on his return.

There is little doubt that his weakness and uncertainty affected the expedition but the unhappiness of the investors was also because he refused to engage in illegal trade on their behalf. Moor appears to have retired around this time. His explorations did add significantly to the knowledge of the area despite his problems with the command of the expedition.