Introduction to Tree

Before 2016, many authorities considered that the SNP M2308 was always found in conjunction with SNPs such as M2313 and M214. However, researchers such as G.David Poznik discovered examples of Y-DNA that had some, but not all, of the SNPs peculiar to NO (M214), but also lacked SNPs identifying other primary subclades of K2 (M526). Poznik et al. 2016 therefore identified K2a (M2308), K-M2313 and NO (M214) as "parent", "child" and "grandchild" clades respectively. (While Poznik used the name "K2a1" for K-M2313, this has not been widely adopted possibly because K2a1 has sometimes been used as an alternate name for other, less closely related haplogroups.) Poznik et al. also found that K-Y28301 which has living members in India is descended from K-M2313. The above findings by Poznik et al. were reiterated by the work of Moreno-Mayar et al. in 2018.

As of 2018, authorities like the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) and YFull (Y-Chromosome Sequence Interpretation Service) have not integrated the discoveries of Poznik et al., and differ from each other in nomenclature.

ISOGG has continued to use the names "K2a" and "NO" in reference to an undifferentiated clade combining K2a (M2308) and K-M2313 (i.e. Poznik's K2a and "K2a1"), while referring to NO-M214 as "NO1".

YFull does not distinguish between K-M2308 (K2a) and K-M2313, referring to both as "K-M2335".There is evidence of at least two additional primary branches within K-M2308 (Poznik: K2a) and/or K-M2313 (Poznik: K2a1).

YFull alone lists a clade, known only as K-Y28299, branching from an undifferentiated K-M2308/K-M2313 (YFull name: K-M2335). In addition, a newer, more divergent subclade named K-Y28301 is a primary branch of K-Y28299, according to YFull. Furthermore, according to both Poznik and Moreno-Mayar, K-Y28301 is also descended from K-M2313, suggesting the following lineage: K-M2313 > K-Y28299 > K-Y28301. Three living individuals in India have been found to carry K-Y28299* or K-Y28301. (As of 2018, ISOGG had not incorporated K-Y28299 or K-Y28301.)

ISOGG alone lists a haplogroup known only as "NO1" sic identified by the SNP CTS707/M2306, as a sibling of NO-M214. (Under the taxonomic conventions used by ISOGG, a tilde indicates a distinct haplogroup, the position of which in the phylogeny is as yet unclear.) NO1 is likely a primary branch of either K-M2313 or NO-M214, because, as of 2018, YFull regards CTS707/M2306 as synonymous with M214/PAGE39/PAGES00039, and yet NO1 is also not (according to ISOGG) ancestral to either Haplogroup N(M231) or Haplogroup O(M175).

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Banyan is considered holy in several religious traditions of India. The Ficus benghalensis is the National tree of India, and also the state tree of Madhya Pradesh.

The following is a list of notable Banyan trees in India. Trees listed here are regarded as important or specific by its historical, national, locational, natural or mythological context. Some researches found that there are less than 150 Banyan trees left in India. The list includes actual Banyan trees located throughout the India.

Thimmamma Marrimanu, is listed as the world's largest Banyan tree in the Guinness World Records in 1989. The tree is situated about 35km from Kadri Lakshmi Narasimha temple in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Its branches spread over 5 acres, with a canopy of 19,107 square metres

Kabirvad, Gujarat is one of the biggest banyan tree in India. Currently the area of its canopy is 17,520 m2 (4.33 acres) with a perimeter of 641 m (2,103ft). Named after saint Kabir, it is one of the most famous destination for tourists in Gujarat near Bharuch city.

The Great Banyan in the botanical garden near Kolkata, a clonal colony of Indian Banyan with a crown circumference of over 330 meters.

Pillalamarri, 800-year-old banyan tree located in Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India. The tree is spread over an area of 4 acres, according to archeological survey of India it is the third largest in India.

The 450-year-old giant Banyan tree at Adyar in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, in the grounds of the Theosophical Society headquarters under which people listened to discourses by luminaries such as J. Krishnamurti, Annie Besant and Maria Montessori.

Dodda Alada Mara, the 400-year-old tree also called the Big Banyan Tree at Ramohalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka. It is 95 feet tall and spreads across an area of 3 acres. This tree is located 28km from Bengaluru.

Chosath Yogini temple: a 1000 year old Banyan tree, located in Maharajpur, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh (India), spread in 50000sq feet, the biggest banyan tree of central India

Pirbaba's Taroda sacred grove is located in Amravati district, Maharashtra. In there, there is a huge banyan tree spread over 2.5 acres of land inside the grove due to which is considered a "sacred tree."The sacred banyan tree village Cholti Kheri, District Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab.

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Ilmr is a figure in Norse mythology who is listed as a goddess and who occurs in skaldic kennings. Her associations and original nature are unknown.

Ilmr is attested at two points in the so-called Nafnaulur appended to the Prose Edda book Skldskaparml: between Iunn and Bil in a list of synjur, and in a list of words that can be used in kennings for "woman". No further information other than her name is provided. She is not mentioned in Eddic poetry, but her name does occur several times in skaldic poetry of the 10th and 11th centuries, particularly in verses by Kormkr gmundarson.

It is impossible to determine the associations of the goddess Ilmr. Jacob Grimm pointed out that while the goddess name Ilmr is feminine, the masculine word ilmr means "pleasant scent" (suavis odor); an association with scent would be unique among Norse deities. Kormkr, at least, used valkyrie-names as well as goddess-names in forming kennings referring to women, and it is possible that he thought of Ilmr as a valkyrie; one other kenning using her name, in a verse preserved in Landnamabk and attributed to Hrmundr halti, is of a type (kennings for battle formed with a female name) that is only attested with names of valkyries. In his 1989 etymological dictionary of Icelandic, sgeir Blndal Magnsson suggested that this might indicate the name Ilmr was related to the noun jalmr (noise) with which it is coupled in the kenning; this is a known type of valkyrie-name. Eir, rr, and the norn Skuld are other female figures variously identified as valkyries and goddesses within the Old Norse corpus. Alternatively, sgeir Blndal Magnsson suggests Ilmr is a tree ds, with a name etymologically related to almr, elm. The elm is associated in folklore in many nations with death, which might have led to her being classed as a valkyrie.

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The Newberry Six lynchings took place in Newberry, Alachua County, Florida, on August 18, 1916.

The events began with the attempt late on August 17 by Newberry constable George Wynne to serve a warrant on Boisey Long, an AfricanAmerican man, for stealing hogs. Accounts differ about how the conflict began and who fired first, but Long shot and killed Wynne, and wounded another man, Dr. L. G. Harris, who accompanied him. Long escaped but was captured two days later.

In the meantime, a posse was organized by the sheriff. The posse shot and killed Jim Dennis, a friend of Long. The sheriff said he was resisting arrest. Relatives and friends of Long were rounded up and taken to jail for allegedly helping him escape; they were Bert and Mary Dennis, Long's wife Stella Young, and two friends of Dennis, Andrew McHenry and Reverend Josh Baskin. A mob of 200 took them from the jail the morning of August 18 and hanged them from a single oak tree, one mile from Newberry; newspapers called it "a lynching bee." The tree no longer exists, but it was at the intersection of Newberry Lane and Alachua County Route 235. So many AfricanAmericans gathered when the news of the lynchings reached them that whites were afraid of a "race war.

Nevertheless, no arrests were ever made. A newspaper in Ocala reported a rumor that the coroner's jury had returned a verdict that the seven lynching victims had died in freak accidents, such as running into a barbed wire fence and bleeding to death, or falling out of a tree and choking to death or breaking their necks. Archivist Rebecca Fitzsimmons at the Matheson History Museum has noted that legal documents pertaining to the lynchings have not been found.

Long was tried on September 7, found guilty after an all-white jury deliberated seven minutes, and sentenced to hang. He was executed in the yard of the Alachua County jail on October 27, 1916. A man who had voiced an opinion approving the killing of Wynne was forced to leave town.

In 2019, a marker was unveiled to memorialize the lynching.

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In game theory, a game tree is a directed graph whose nodes are positions in a game and whose edges are moves. The complete game tree for a game is the game tree starting at the initial position and containing all possible moves from each position; the complete tree is the same tree as that obtained from the extensive-form game representation.

The diagram shows the first two levels, or plies, in the game tree for tic-tac-toe. The rotations and reflections of positions are equivalent, so the first player has three choices of move: in the center, at the edge, or in the corner. The second player has two choices for the reply if the first player played in the center, otherwise five choices. And so on.

The number of leaf nodes in the complete game tree is the number of possible different ways the game can be played. For example, the game tree for tic-tac-toe has 255,168 leaf nodes.

Game trees are important in artificial intelligence because one way to pick the best move in a game is to search the game tree using any of numerous tree search algorithms, combined with minimax-like rules to prune the tree. The game tree for tic-tac-toe is easily searchable, but the complete game trees for larger games like chess are much too large to search. Instead, a chess-playing program searches a partial game tree: typically as many plies from the current position as it can search in the time available. Except for the case of "pathological" game trees (which seem to be quite rare in practice), increasing the search depth (i.e., the number of plies searched) generally improves the chance of picking the best move.

Two-person games can also be represented as and-or trees. For the first player to win a game, there must exist a winning move for all moves of the second player. This is represented in the and-or tree by using disjunction to represent the first player's alternative moves and using conjunction to represent all of the second player's moves.