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Search online. Now, many flashlights are available online, it is easy to find them on Google. Flashlights such as Fenix, Streamlight, Tank007, etc. are good, you can choose one from them. In my opinion, Tank007 is relatively cheaper, if you do not want to pay too much for a flashlight, you can consider this one.
1. Does light push back against the flashlight, in accordance with Old Newton's law?
Um... this question is indeed relativistic, but hardly incomplete. Photons carry energy of E = pc Rearranging this you can say p = hbar/lambda So, yes, it is based on wavelength. Taking an average over white light will suffice though. Since you carry the momentum away from the system, there must be a corresponding momentum change in the opposite direction. (It's somewhat akin to a one-dimensional explosion). Why can not you feel it? Check the value of hbar and lambda here. hbar = 1.054*10^-34 lambda = 500*10^-9 hbar/lambda = 2.109*10^-28 Yup. That's small exponent. You can see that you will need a lot of photons to give you any kind of kick whatsoever.
2. Is the LED flash on current smartphones brighter than the LED flashlight?
Yes the camera flash can be brighter than the flashlight - at least at the default setting. With iOS 11, the new control panel (swipe up from the bottom of the screen) enables you to turn up the brightness of the flashlight. But if you dial it up to max, it times out after a few seconds and turns off, presumably to prevent burnout.
3. The Human Race: You have only a flashlight. How can you escape from your pit? What do you do?
the question is not related to camping or realistic survival situations it is another of a version of the hunger games books and movie. So fantasy begets fantasy. Lets call this guy by a name to give it more reality, His name is Redrum the Benighted, he reaches into his pocket and finds this small light, discovers the note and assumes his doom. He attempts to make a signal fire using the old sparking battery trick but with only twigs and leaves all he produces is a bit of smoke and because he is in a pit the oxygen's are consumed and the smoke causes him to pass out. The now smell of burning flesh from the duff catching his cloths on fire draw a mountain lion to the pit and a grizzly bear they fight over his remains and eventually there is nothing left of Redrum the Benighted and the prophecy of his name is fulfilled.
4. what do you have in your car in case of emergency or need? I carry a water bottle, flashlight and little?
adult diapers...you never know when you might drive across country...who wants to stop to pee?
5. If I shine a flashlight at the moon, will the photons reflect back to earth- theoretically?
Some of them might, but it's by no means certain.Think for a moment about how far a flashlight beam spreads out even here on Earth. If you stand in the desert at night, and point a flashlight directly at someone who is standing 1 mile in front of you, that person will detect your light - which means that some of your photons are hitting him. However, depending on how tightly focused your flashlight beam is, people up to several miles on either side of him may also see that light - which means that's how far your photons have spread, after traveling just 1 mile.Let's say people 2 1/2 miles to either side of your target see the light - that means the beam of photons from the 3-inch wide reflector on your flashlight form a cone with an opening angle of just over 136 degrees, and by the time those photons have traveled 1 mile, they are spread out over an area of almost 20 square miles.But that's only 1 mile downrange; the moon is much farther away. The moon is 240,000 miles away. By the time those photons travel the 240,000 miles between here and the moon, they will have spread over a circular area of 2.72 trillion miles, or 2,720,000,000,000 miles - and that's not accounting for atmospheric diffusion, which is probably not possible to calculate exactly but will widen your "cone of light" even more. But at any rate, the visible area of one side of the moon is 3,980,000 miles. What that means is that only a fraction of a percent of your wandering protons are actually going to strike the moon - 0.68% of them, to be exact.But now, those photons have to turn around and come back. And that's another 240,000 miles. Since your remaining photons are reflecting off of a curved surface, they are now going to be spread out over a cone with an opening angle of almost 180 degrees, so however many there are will be spread over an area of 100s of trillions of square miles. I do not have the calculator handy to determine the exact area, but it's safe to say at best, only a tiny fraction of that 0.68% of the original photons will have even a chance of finding their way home again.So theoretically? Sure. In reality? Probably not very likely, I am afraid.