What's the Best Way to Charge a Li-ion Battery to Maintain Lifespan? Such for a Samsung Galaxy.

Someone tells you the battery is a cycling battery which is correct but then tells you to under charge it which will make the charge cycle deeper and that is what shortens the battery life.Charge it when it suits you and worry about other more important things.As Chad Courtney said you can not over charge it so if you are at your desk and not using it connect it to your computer and when you go to bed put it on charge overnight. Charging in short bursts is not making any more scenes than not charging it to 100%

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Should I use voltage reference if I'm connecting ADC (analog to digital converter) to li-ion battery?

All batteries drop voltage with use. The reference Zener is the most practical for this purpose as it can absorb small changes in load current and still maintain the voltage. A bypass capacitor will form a low pass filter around the zener to control the noise voltage. Design the filter for a thermal noise level less than half and LSB of the ADC. There are also reference voltage cells used in precision volt meter bridge circuits but these are likely beyond your needs for an ADC

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Which companies that work on Li-ion batteries or related products, would see a surge in revenue due to the government push for electric vehicles? Would that benefit Exide?

The Li Ion battery market in India is on a surge not just due to Govt's push for Electrical Vehicles, but also due to the inclusion of Li Ion batteries in Telecom sectors and Home and Business sector.Keeping in mind the The way forward for the electric vehicle push by the Indian Government, and plans on Zero Emission by the NITI Aayog, the expected market size of Li Ion batteries is set to be USD 42b by 2030.Automotive Battery segment in India is highly unorganised. (60% Unorganised and 40% Organised)Implementation of GST has led Organised market to take lead. Major players who are gaining from the implementation are Amaron and Exide.Although, 2W's, 3W's and 4W's would provide maximum orders for Li Ion batteries, Telecom sector provide a huge opportunity the Li Ion battery industry as well. With the introduction of Reliance Jio in the Indian Telecom sector, new tower manufacturing has ceased for major players. Going forward, Jio towers are using only Li Ion batteries for the electrical backup support.Currently all the batteries used are sourced from China, Amaron and Exide would be the preferable choice in coming years, once they scale up production. So, the Amaron & Exide would see maximum traction in terms of revenue considering rise of Li Ion batteries, increasing organised sector of Lead Acid automobile batteries.Rest assured, that would definitely benefit Exide

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Why are there 2 connectors on li-ion batteries

Li-ion Ebike batteries often have a built-in BMS (Battery Management System) or PCM (Protection Circuit Module) that prevents over-charge, over-discharge, high temperature or excessive current draw, and may also have a balancer to keep all the cell voltages equal. As the normal discharge current may be 40A or more, Some have a separate connection that provides extra protection for low current charging.Here is an example:-28S LiFePO4 Li-ion smart bms pcm for 28s battery pack Cheaper batteries sold on eBay etc. might have direct connections to the battery for discharge and a low current BMS for charging, or the charge port might be connected directly to the battery and is for convenience only. Without seeing inside the pack it's impossible to say what a particular battery has if the supplier can not tell you. Buyer beware!

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When will Li-ion batteries replace lead acid batteries for starting power engines in automobiles?

No. Too expensive and exotic charging systems are required. As you know, the energy in the Lithium-ion battery is very close to that found in TNT. Temperature must be monitored during charging to prevent thermal runaway and firey destruction. (Remember the Hover boards). So, Lithium-ion does have its place. And Ryobi got the temperature monitoring right.The best battery I have found (and use in my cars) is the AGM type (gel electrolyte) like Omega. Low tech in terms of charging, and no more damaging corrosion at the terminals that you get with flooded cell type batteries